- Food is any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth.
- Due to increase in population, enhancement of food production becomes a primary issue.
- To tackle this problem science came up with many solutions, such as plant breeding, tissue culture, animal husbandry etc.
- Blue Revolution: Fish production.
- Green Revolution: Food grains.
- Red Revolution: Meat production.
- Silver Fiber Revolution: Cotton production.
- White Revolution: Milk/dairy production.
- Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture that deals with breeding, caring and raising of farm animals by human beings.
- Ex: cows, pigs, cattle etc. those are useful for humans.
- Extended form of Animal Husbandries: Apiculture, Sericulture, Poultries and Aquaculture.
- Meat- animals include cattle, Sheep, goats, fish etc.
- Milk- animals include cows, buffaloes, camels, goats etc.
- As a manual labor in farms- these include horses, bull, yaks,
- For egg- Poultry birds like hen, geese, duck etc.
- Cosmetics: Honey bees (comb Wax)
- It is estimated that more than 70% of the world livestock population is in India and China.
- Cloths or Thread: Silk worm
- Feeding and Breeding
- Maintain Hygiene and Controlling diseases
- Storage and Transport
- Marketing of Animal Products.
1.2.2.1 Dairy farm Management:
It is the management of the animals for milk and milk products that can be further used for human consumption.
Milk is rich in fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin A, B, D and E. Minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
It deals with processes and systems that increase the quantity and quality of milk.
Certain points to be taken care of a dairy farm as follows;
Good breeds of an animal should be selected as quality and quantity (resistances to diseases).
An animal must be housed well and fed properly.
Good sanitary conditions and hygienic environment is to be maintained in the cattle farms as well as the milking areas.
Cattle should be vaccinated against diseases and regular check-ups should be maintained.
Note: Milk Man of India is Verghese Kurien. He is also called “Father of White Revolution” and he is the founder & chairman of AMUL.
1.2.2.2 Poultry farm Management:
Poultry refers to “the class of domesticated fowl (birds) like chicken, ducks, turkeys and geese for their meat and eggs.
Poultry farming is divided into two types as follows;
Broilers are the chickens that breed and raise for meat production.
Layers are the chickens that breed and rise for egg production.
Successful poultry management steps as follows;
Selection of disease free and suitable breeds.
Proper feed and water with hygienic conditions
Health care.
1.2.3 Animal Breeding:
Animal breeding mating or crossing of animals to improve the desirable qualities and production.
Breeding: Under human control the process of mating and production of offspring by animals or plants takes place called breeding.
Breeding is always done artificially under human control.
1.2.3.1 Types of animal breeding:
Inbreeding and
Outbreeding
1.2.3.1.1 Difference between Inbreeding and Outbreeding:
1.2.3.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of Inbreeding:
It develops homozygous pure lines of the animal.
It eliminates recessive genes for undesirable characters.
It leads to accumulation of superior genes and elimination of undesirable genes.
Continued inbreeding leads to reduced fertility and productivity of the animal. This is called inbreeding depression.
Inbreeding depression can be overcome by mating the animal with an unrelated superior animal of the same breed.
1.2.3.1.3 Difference between Breeding and Species:
1.2.3.1.4 Types of Outbreeding:
Out-crossing: It is the practice of mating animals of the same breed without any common ancestor up to 4-6 generations. Ex: Unrelated animals of the same species.
Cross Breeding involves mating between superior females of one breed with superior male of another breed. Ex: Hissardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri Ewes and Merino Rams (ewes means female and rams means male).
Interspecific Hybridizationis the mating between two different species. Both the parents are selected on the basis of some desirable characteristics.
Ex 1: Mule is a crossbreed of male donkey and female horse.
Ex 2: Hinny is a crossbreed of male horse and female donkey. SAVINAY KUMAR J C
1.2.3.1.3 Controlled breeding Experiment:
i. Artificial Insemination:
Semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female.
Semen can be frozen for later use or used immediately.
It also can be transported frozen from one place to another place.
ii. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology:
MOET is hormonal based technology where female animals are administered with an FSH like hormone to induce follicular maturity and superovulation.
Steps of MOET involved in cow:
In superovulation, instead of one egg/cycle, 6 − 8 eggs are produced per cycle.
The cow is either naturally mated with a superior bull or artificially inseminated.
A fertilized egg is recovered at 8 − 32 cell stages non-surgically and transferred to a surrogate mother.
The genetic mother is again available for another cycle of superovulation.
Using this technique, high milk-yielding breeds of females and high quality meat-yielding bulls have been bred successfully.
This technology is demonstrated in cows, buffaloes, Sheep’s, Rabbits etc.
1.2.4 Beekeeping or Apiculture:
The maintenance of hives of honey bees for the production of honey is called bee keeping.
Honey produced by honey bees has high nutritive value.
Honey bees also produce beeswax which is widely used in the preparation of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds.
There are species of honey bees which can be reared and the most common species is Apis indica.
1.2.4.1 Benefits of honey bees:
Bees are pollinators of many crop species such as Sunflower. Brassica, Apple and Pear.
Keeping bee hives increase pollination in crop fields and improve yield.
Honey bees are beneficial for crop yield and honey yield.
1.2.4.2 Requirements for successful beekeeping:
Knowledge of the nature and habits of honey bees.
Selection of suitable locations for keeping the bee hives.
Catching and hiving of swarms.
Management of beehives during different seasons.
Handling and collection of honey and beeswax.
1.2.5 Fisheries or Pisciculture:
The industries which practice catching, processing or selling of fish, shellfish or aquatic animals are called fisheries.
Catla, Carp are common marine fishes.
Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel, Rohu and Pomfret fresh water fishes.
Aquaculture is the rearing, breeding of aquatic animals and aquatic plants.
Aquaculture is two types:
Extensive Aquaculture: It is done naturally in oceans, lakes, rivers etc.
Intensive Aquaculture: It is man made ponds and tanks.
1.2.5.1 Types of pisciculture:
Polyculture is a method of culturing different fishes together. Fishes with different feeding habits are kept together.
Monoculture is a method where a single fish is kept in a pond.
Monosex Culture is a method of culturing of fish with a single sex, that is, either male or female.
1.2.5.2 Advantages:
Pisciculture is done to meet the food requirement as well as protein requirement of people.
It provides income and employment to millions of fishermen and farmers in coastal states.
1.3 Plant Breeding:
It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation.
Father of the Green Revolution is Norman E. Borlaug.
Father of the Green Revolution in India is M S Swaminanthan.
1.3.1 Objectives of Plant Breeding:
Increase the crop yield.
Improve the quality of the crop.
Increase tolerance to environmental conditions like salinity, extreme temperatures and drought.
Develop disease resistance plants.
Increase tolerance to the insect pest.
1.3.2 Steps or Methods involved in plant breeding:
Collection of Variability:
Wild varieties and relatives of the cultivated species having desired traits should be collected and preserved.
The entire collection having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
Germplasm conservation can be done in following ways:
In situ conservation – It can be done with the help of forests and Natural Reserves.
Ex situ conservation- it is done through botanical gardens, seed banks.
Evaluation and Selection of Parents: The germplasm collected is evaluated to identify the plants with desirable characters. It is made sure that only the pure lines are selected. The selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridization.
Cross Hybridization among the selected parents: The Pollen Grain from one desired parent plant selected as a male parent is collected and dusted over another plant which is considered as the female parent.
Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants: Progeny obtained after crossing are evaluated for the desired combination of characters.These are self-pollinated for several generations till there is a state of uniformity so that the characters will not segregate further.
Testing Release and Commercialization of New Cultivars: The selected plants are evaluated by growing the plants in an experimental field and the performance is recorded. This is done for at least 3 growing Seasons at different locations in the country.
1.3.3 Indian Hybrid Crops of High Yielding Varieties:
Wheat:
Due to the development of semi-dwarf varieties of wheat, wheat production went up to from 11 to 75 million tones.
Sonalika and Kalyan Sona are the varieties of wheat which are high yield and disease resistant in India.
Rice:
Semi- dwarf rice varieties were derived from IR-8, from the Philippines and Taichung Native-1 from Taiwan.
Rice production went up to from 35 million to 89.5 million tones
Better yielding semi dwarf varieties Jaya and Ratna were developed later in India.
Sugarcane:
Saccharum barberi was originally grown in North India but had poor sugar content and yield.
Saccharum officinarum was a tropical cane grown in South India, had thicker stems and higher sugar content, but did not grow well in the North.
Both the species were successfully crossed to get sugarcane varieties combining the desirable qualities of high yield, thick stems, high sugar and ability to grow in the all sugarcane areas of North India.
Other Crops:
Millets: Hybrid Maize, Bajra and Jowar with high yielding properties have been successfully developed in India.
1.3.4 Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance:
Bacteria, Fungi and Virus affect different crop species. Approximately 20-30% of crops are lost due to different pathogens.
Plant breeding is used to produce disease resistant plants.
The basic objective of breeding for disease resistance is to develop inherent quality in the plant to prevent the pathogen from causing the disease. Such varieties of plants are called resistant plants.
To produce disease resistant plants, causative agents and mode of transmission of the disease should be understood.
1.3.4.1 Methods of Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance:
Screening germplasm for resistance,
Hybridization of selected parents,
Selection and evaluation of the hybrids and
Testing and release of new varieties.
1.3.4.2 Examples of disease resistant variety:
*Fd = fungal disease, Bd = Bacterial disease
1.3.4.3 Other Breeding Methods:
Somaclonal Variations: It is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.
Genetic Engineering: Breeding organisms with manipulated genes.
Mutation breeding: Improvement of crops by changing the genotype of plants through induced mutations by various mutagens.
Ex 1: In the Mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations.
Ex 2: Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from a wild species and resulted in a new variety of Abelmoschus esculentus called Parbhani kranti.
1.3.5 Plant Breeding for Developing a Resistance to Insect Pest:
Resistance can be developed by following ways –
Development of morphological characters like hairy leaves in cotton and wheat develop vector resistance from jassids beetles.
Solid stems in wheat lead to resistance from stem borers.
Biochemical characters provide resistance to insects and pests. Ex: the high aspartic acid and low nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to maize stem borers.
Smooth leaves and nectarless cotton develop resistance from bollworms.
1.3.6 Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality:
Plant breeding is important for improving the quality of food as well as meets the nutritional requirement of food.
Hidden Hunger: Plant based diets that lack essential micronutrients due to this the chances of disease, reduce life span and reduce mental abilities.
Hidden hunger is caused due to poor economic conditions.
The objective of plant breeding for improved food quality is to improve nutrient content, protein content, oil, vitamin and mineral content.
1.3.6.1 Biofortification:
Biofortification is the process of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats.
This can be done either through conventional selective breeding, through genetic engineering or agronomic practice.
Agronomic practice means improving soil quality, enhancing water usage, managing crops and improving the environment.
Gk: Bio = life; latin: Fortificare = make Strong.
Ex 1: Maize = amino acid, lysine and tryptophan rich.
Ex 2: Wheat variety, Atlas 66 = rich in protein content.
Ex 3: Rice = rich in iron.
IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute): This institute releases some vegetable crops as follows;
Vitamin A enriched Carrots, Spinach and Pumpkin.
Vitamin C enriched bitter gourd, mustard, tomato.
Iron and Calcium enriched spinach and Pigweed (bathua).
Protein enriched beans, peas etc.
1.4 Single Cell Protein (SCP):
SCP refers to edible dried unicellular microorganisms for human consumption or animals or plants.
SCP is in the form of protein pure extract or mixed culture of algae, yeast, fungi or bacteria.
It is one of the alternate sources of proteins for humans, animals and plants.
Advantages: It is easy to culture from waste products like potato processing plants, molasses, etc., and also takes less time, expenditures and space.
Examples:
A 250 kg cow produces 200g of protein.
Bacteria: Methylophilus methylotrophus. (25 tones protein produces).
Cyanobacteria: Spirulina.
Fungi: Yeast and Mushrooms.
Algae: Spirogyra, Chlorella etc.
1.5 Tissue Culture:
The process or technique of making body tissue (animal or plant part) grow in a culture medium outside the organism is known as Tissue Culture.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, organs or complete plants under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition by using isolated plant parts.
1.5.1 Procedure:
Plant part which is used for tissue culturing called Explant.
Explant is first sterilized by using Clorox water (dilute sodium chlorite).
The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell or explant is called totipotency.
Nutrient Medium or culture medium contains sucrose as a carbon source, vitamins, amino acids, minerals and growth regulators.
Explants are grown in the culture medium at appropriate temperature and aeration.
1.5.2 Applications:
A large number of commercially useful plants can be grown in a short period of time. This method called Micro propagation
These plants are genetically the same as the parent plant from which the Explant is collected.
Production of disease-free plants.
Healthy copies of a diseased plant can be produced with the help of this technique.
Shoot tips of an infected plant when grown in culture media produces healthy plants.
Production of haploids (anther culture).
Production of secondary metabolites.
1.5.3 Meristem Culture:
Young parts of the plant tissues are called Meristem.
Meristem is always free from diseases or virus free, if even plant infected. These parts are healthy.
So due to this reason many scientists prefer Meristem parts as an explanation for tissue culture. This type of tissue culture is known as Meristem culture.
1.5.4 Somatic Hybridization:
It is also called Protoplast culture.
Scientists are capable of getting naked protoplast by dissolving the cell walls of a single cell.
Isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants having desirable traits can fuse to form a hybrid protoplast. These hybrids are called somatic hybrids. This process is called Somatic hybridization.
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